![]() Engineered biomaterials, as 3-dimensional (3D) structures (scaffolds), have an essential role in the regeneration of the musculoskeletal system. The base of tissue engineering is the imitation of organogenesis that has achieved success in recent years. The main problem is the morbidity of the donor’s places caused by loss of function and volume deficiency following the donation. Tissue transplantation from a local or remote location is the primary treatment of these problems, which itself causes significant complications. After severe injuries due to various causes such as severe crashes, diseases, or malignancies (prolonged denervation or aggressive tumor ablation), the lost tissue needs repair or replacement with healthy tissue. The musculoskeletal system contains a variety of supporting tissues, including muscle, bone, ligament, cartilage, tendon, and meniscus, which support the shape and structure of the body. The present review article is focused on biocompatible and biomimetic materials, which are used in musculoskeletal tissue engineering, in particular, cartilage tissue engineering. These improvements ultimately lead to the creation of replacement structures in the musculoskeletal system, which are closer to natural tissues in terms of appearance and function. Multiple combinations of different biomaterials are used to improve above-mentioned properties of various biomaterials and to better imitate the natural features of musculoskeletal tissue in the culture medium. Scaffolds made of biomaterials in musculoskeletal tissue engineering should also be multifunctional in order to be able to function better in mechanical properties, cell signaling and cell adhesion. To achieve this, we need to know enough about biomimetic materials. ![]() Therefore, researchers are trying to develop biomimetic scaffolds that can produce appropriate cellular responses. Therefore, to create appropriate tissues, the conditions of the natural environment around the cells should be well imitated. In vivo microenvironment of cells imposes complex and specific stimuli on the cells, and has a direct effect on cellular behavior, including proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. Various factors, including cells, biomaterials, cell or tissue culture conditions and signaling molecules such as growth factors, play a vital role in the engineering of tissues. Tissue engineering, as an interdisciplinary approach, is seeking to create tissues with optimal performance for clinical applications.
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